Element
Also called: System lock-in
See also: Add-on, Bait and Hook, Flat Rate, Freemium, Reversed Bait and Hook
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How: The lock-in effect is typically a result of standards controlled by the vendor and can grant the vendor some degree of monopoly power and increased profitability over the default situation.
Why: By locking into a vendor's ecosystem of products and services, customers will incur such high switching costs that loyalty is effectively forced through constrained choices.
This business model is part of the Business Model Patterns printed card deck.
A collection of business models that will help you understand the key drivers of business model success. The card deck will be ready for purchase in the end of 2023 and is now undergoing rigorous testing.
Reserve your deck!In this business model, customers are effectively trapped within a vendor’s ecosystem of products and services, as changing to another provider would entail significant costs or penalties. It is worth noting that these costs are not limited to financial considerations; the time and effort required to adapt to a new option and learn how to use it may also be relevant to customers.
There are various methods by which vendors can keep customers tied to their company. For instance, customers may need to invest in new technologies such as a new operating system, or they may be required to work with a particular insurance salesperson who has a long-standing relationship with them.
The primary objective for the vendor is to prevent any interoperability between their offerings and those of their competitors, thus ensuring that customers remain reliant on the company, brand, or supplier, and fostering loyalty and repeat purchases.
Due to past purchases, customers may find that their future decisions and flexibility are constrained. Although aware of switching costs, companies often struggle to manage and evaluate them accurately. To persuade customers to continue purchasing their products, the lock-in concept may be combined with other strategies, such as the razor and blade model.
There are various forms of the Lock-in business model pattern. For example, contracts that mandate the use of a specific supplier are a clear example of the pattern. Another common form is invested assets that necessitate further purchases from the same supplier. This dependency is often established through technological restrictions such as compatibility or patents, which may be a crucial aspect of the lock-in concept.
Ties can also be created through the simple act of purchasing additional accessory products from a manufacturer, as customers will not be able to recoup past investments if they choose to switch. Additionally, switching costs can arise from the training and classes offered by a particular provider that are required to use their products.
Why should you apply the Lock-in business model?
The goal of ‘lock-in’ is to create a barrier for customers to switch from your brand or offering to a competitor’s offering. It can achieve this through a combination of increasing switching costs or the effort required to transfer (soft lock-in) and positive reasons to stay, such as a superior brand experience or incentives.
In an article entitled “Coordination and Lock-in” by Farrell and Kemperer, the authors explain the role of lock-in in preventing customers from changing suppliers in response to changes in efficiency, thus extending customer lifetime value and facilitating the building of a direct, one-on-one relationship with the audience.
Lock-in also provides an opportunity to identify potential new, uncontested marketplaces within your sector that you could explore and enter.
Where did the Lock-in business model pattern originate from?
Origins of the Lock-in Pattern It is difficult to trace the exact origin of the lock-in pattern due to its numerous variations. However, contracts containing legally binding obligations have been common practice since at least the 6th century in the Roman Empire. Other lock-in variants, such as training requirements or technical mechanisms, may also have a long history.
In recent decades, the proliferation of complex technological advancements and the widespread use of patents has contributed to the proliferation of lock-in business models, particularly in the computer and software industries. These technological developments, which have emerged since the late 19th century, have facilitated the adoption of the lock-in concept.
Applying the Lock-in business model
The saying “keeping existing customers is cheaper than acquiring new ones” forms the foundation of the Lock-in business model. There are three primary ways in which Lock-in can be implemented:
- Legally, through contracts with stringent termination clauses
- Technologically, through product or process-based lock-in effects that prevent customers from easily switching to different suppliers or providers (which is often accompanied by maintenance activities)
- Economically, through strong incentives that make customers think twice before changing their supplier or provider.
For example, users who want to leave iTunes will lose their investment in previously purchased music. Financial rewards for cumulative purchases are a common lock-in method, but more sophisticated mechanisms can be created by combining lock-in with patterns such as the Bait and Hook model or Flat Rate pricing.
To be effective, a Lock-in strategy must take several factors into account:
- Shelf life. One important consideration is the commercial shelf life of a product, as switching costs become lower the shorter this is.
- Product range. The ability to resell a product or offer a range of additional products, which will depend on the number of suppliers willing and able to provide them.
Examples of Lock-in Strategies
Various creative lock-in strategies have been used to lock in customers in competitive segments:
- Trade-in. Online retailers often use this tactic to encourage customers to exchange their past purchase and use it as partial payment for a new order. A classic example of this strategy can be found in the mobile phone industry, such as Carphone Warehouse, which differentiates itself by offering money back incentives for trading in old handsets and upgrading to the next model, thereby increasing customer loyalty and extending customer lifetime value.
- Technology. Apple has gained fame for creating and implementing lock-in marketing tactics, such as making the iTunes music store the only music player that an iPod or iPhone can access and upload music files to. According to American media company CNET, 90% of iPhone buyers intend to repurchase when it’s time to buy a new phone due to the reliance of their iPhone being “locked-in” to the need for iTunes and the potential hassle of seeking an alternative phone and media provider.
- Customer Service. US-based online retailer Zappos has redefined their customer service experience, which could be described as their “lock-in” strategy, by delivering exceptional service that keeps users loyal to the brand throughout their customer lifetime value. Zappos has pioneered initiatives such as a 100% satisfaction guaranteed return policy, upgrading loyal customers to next day delivery, and treating customers as individuals, something that other retailers have attempted to replicate but with less success.
Trigger Questions
- How can you implement a lock-in pattern without damaging your reputation?
- Will you lock in customers by providing additional customer value or by establishing legal, technological, or economic barriers to exit?
- What soft and indirect mechanisms can we use to "lock-in" our customers, such as creating additional customer value?
Examples
Nestlé Nespresso
Selling coffee machines serves to lock customers into continuously buying pods over generating profits.
Microsoft
As software became more important than hardware, IBM lost to Microsoft, who locked customers into their operating system.
Gillette
Employs Lock-in business model by selling disposable blades that only match its handles, and securing patents that prevent other companies from entering the market with accessory products. The disposable blades (consumables) generate recurring revenue with high margins, offsetting losses from initial low-priced offer of the handle.
Lego
Danish manufacturer of a small brick-based toy system comprising interlocking parts adopts the Lock-in business model by designing its products and accessories to work only with other compatible components of its patented design. Customers must purchase Lego-compatible products, increasing customer retention and revenue for the company.
Camera Industry
Employs Lock-in business models by taking out patents for mounting mechanisms used for interchangeable lenses. Once customers choose a particular camera body, they must return to the same manufacturer for additional parts. Pressure to set a new standard eventually mounts and results in standardised bayonet mounts.
Related plays
- Business Model Navigator by Karolin Frankenberger and Oliver Gassmann
- Techniques to increase engagement and lock-in as part of your digital brand strategy by Simon Swan
- The Core Competence of the Corporation by Harvard Business Review
- Vendor lock-in by dataliberation
- Coordination and Lock-in by Farrell and Kemperer